The paper used game theory to analyze the structural transformation of human actions which were the basic unit of society, then explained changing of knowledgeand education in the different societies - from some aspects such as content、form、 effect and the production mechanism of knowledge, the aim、 knowledge、 and the organization of education.We could divide human actions into two categories -material production and social interaction. Human actions produced not only knowledge but also socialstructure. Knowledge production-"Material knowledge" was produced inmaterial production, and "institutional knowledge" in social interaction. Socialstructure production-material production generally connected with specializationand social interaction could be classified into two categories, cooperation and opportunistic. On the one hand, development of specialization needed cooperation; on the other hand, development of specialization caused more opportunism. In the relation between material production and social interaction, some kinds of stable social relationship would be produced which could be studied by game theory. So we called the stable social relationship as social game structure. The produced social game structure determined status of material production and social interaction which would determined the content、 form、 effect and the production mechanism of material and institutional knowledge. Furthermore, it also determined the aim、 knowledge in education、 and the organization of education(especially institutional education system).Using the tools of game theory, we studied three kinds of social game structure— —"stable-static structure "、 "unstable- dynamic structure " and "stable- dynamicstructure" and their basic characteristics was described from three aspects-gameplayers, structure status(including power structure and information structure status) and social income.The base of stable-static structure was repeated-game. Game players were little groups connected with long time relationship. Power was based on authority being opened and symmetrical. The income was lower although distributed equally. In this kind of structure, material production was simple level specialization and social interaction was little group cooperation.The base of "unstable- dynamic structure " was a third part as the enforcement or judiciary taking part in the social game. The typical third part is state or