Self-strengthening is a dynamical personality trait that make unremitting efforts to improve oneself, adequately exert oneself potentials and conquer difficulties, so far,there were no literature reports on study self-strenthening from psychological perspective, hence, scientific study on self-strengthening from psychological perspective has important implications in theory and practice for research of Chinese self psychology, nativism of personality psychology, the cultivation of healthy personality and civic virtues.The methods of historical document analysis, content-analysis of biographical data, relation and experiment research were used to study self-strengthening.This dissertation contained eleven studies. Firstly, self-strengthening in zhouyi, Confucian and latter-day were discussed by a longitudinal research. Investigation method was used to study the public theories of self-strengthening in modern Chinese. Using the method of content-analysis to study the personality of 90 self-strengtheners in academia, literature and business circles of modern china. Discussed the structure of self-strengthening. Secondly, according to the theoretical construction and previous studies, compiled the Self-strengthening Questionnaire. Explored the university students characteristics of self-strengthening and its influent factors. Lastly, two experiments had been done. One researched the university students reaction who with different level ofself-strengthening to accomplish the difficult task when the experimenter was on the scene. Another explored the influences to university students with different level of self-strengthening when they received feedback with success or failure to accomplish subsequent difficult task when the experimenter absence. Several main conclusions were drawn from above studies as following:1) Self-strengthening was a indigenous concept which contained abundant historical-cultural meanings. Self-strengthening had individual orientation and social orientation, implicated the characteristics of tradition and era.2) Public theories of self-strengthening in modern Chinese were mostly persistent willpower, its psychological structure refered to the contents of individual orientation and social orientation. Self-strengthening not only a synthetical personality, but also a dynamical trait.3) The most important personality characteristic of all self-strengtheners in common was willpower. Some personality characteristics were specially important to a certain vocation, and they were correspond with the characteristics of vocation.4) Self-strengthening was a hierarchical structure system which included two hierarchies: total self-strengthening consciousness and generic self-strengthening consciousness. The former contained two dimensionalities: total affirmation and total negation. The later included self-strengthening of individual orientation and social orientation, and they were all composed of four dimensionalities: motivational intensity, self-supporting, self-confidence and self-esteem.5) The Self-strengthening Questionnaire which the study compiled had acceptable reliability and validity. It included three sub-questionnaire : total self-strengthening questionnaire, self-strengthening questionnaire of individual orientation and self-strengthening questionnaire of social orientation.6) The level of self-strengthening of social orientation was significant higher than the level of self-strengthening of individual orientation in modern university students. Significant effect of university and sex were found, the level of student' self-strengthening in key universities were better than it in generaluniversities, the level of schoolboy' self-strengthening was higher than the level of schoolgirls' self-strengthening.7) The positive relations among parent' cultivation fashion, family environment, achievement motivation and self-strengthening were found. There was very significant positive relation between parent' cultivation fashion of warmth and self-strength