Water, the most fundamental agricultural resources, is the most important condition and guarantee of agricultural development. In northwest China, the severe shortage of water resources has become the biggest barrier of restricting sustainable development of agriculture. It is no doubt that agriculture will not develop sustainably without sustainable exploitation of water resources. In this dissertation, by employing methods such as the combination of investigation and research qualitative and quantitative analysis , positive and normative analysis etc, sustainable exploitation of agricultural water resource in northwest China is studied systematically from the view of water resources management and a series of countermeasures and suggestions are given.The structure of the dissertation is divided into nine chapters. Chapter One, the introduction, expounds the important role and profound significance of sustainable exploitation of agricultural water resource in agricultural sustainable development in northwest China, and gives a general commentary on the research carried out in relevant fields at home and abroad. Chapter Two conducts quantitative analysis of the status quo and trend of supply and demand of agricultural water resource in northwest china, makes an estimation of shortage extent of water and then draws the basic conclusion that it is impossible to realize sustainable exploitation of agricultural water resources in the present 'way of using water. Chapter Three puts forward the basic thinking and framework of realizing it, based on defining the principles of realizing sustainable exploitation of agricultural water resource in northwest. From Chapter Four to Chapter Nine, specific countermeasures to ensure the realization of sustainable exploitation of agricultural water resource are put forward respectively. Its prerequisite and basis is reasonable development and effective protection, in accordance with the essential requirement of sustainable exploitation of agricultural water resource; the prime outlet, of realizing sustainable exploitation of agricultural water resource, is to economize on using water under the condition of fixed amount of water; the adjustment of agricultural structure plays an important part in economizing on the agricultural use of water; pricing of water is a basic economic means to promote economizing on using water ; as the regulation or standard of influencing and restricting the behavior of main bodies involved in activities of using or providing water , the management system of water resource exerts a decisive role in sustainable exploitation of water resource; the core of reforming the management system of water resource, lies in the management of water properties, while the distinction of water properties is theprerequisite of market mechanism of water resource allocation. Based on the above-mentioned considerations, the problems existing in aforesaid relevant factors are analyzed by comprehensively adopting such methods as qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, positive analysis and normative analysis. Some operable countermeasures and suggestions are put forward respectively from Chapter Four to Chapter Nine.The main innovations of this dissertation are just as follows:Firstly, mathematical model on the compensation mechanism of economizing on water is set with the theory of agent of Information Economics, quantitative boundary of compensation is defined, and quantitative relationship between the compensation input and the effect of economizing on water is revealed. Secondly, model of the relationships among pricing of water & agricultural products and maximum of peasants ' profit, is established with the method of non-linear planning. It reveals the intrinsic relationship between distinct water properties and the effect of water price policy, and points out that different water price policies should be adopted on terms of water properties. Thirdly, water price model and initial allocation model of agricultural water properties